answer:b. Operations management

answer:d. Quality

answer:Middle Francia, also known as Lotharingia, did not become its own country like West Francia (France) and East Francia (Germany) due to various political, cultural, and geographical reasons. 1. Inherited Division: Middle Francia was created as a result of the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire among the three grandsons of Charlemagne. Middle Francia was initially intended to be a buffer zone between West and East Francia. However, the divisions did not last long as subsequent generations further divided the territory, which eventually led to the fragmentation of Middle Francia. 2. Strategic Importance: Middle Francia was situated in a geographically critical position, acting as a barrier between France and Germany. Its location made it prone to invasions and border disputes. Various powers, including the Holy Roman Empire and France, sought to control and annex parts of Middle Francia due to its strategic importance as a buffer zone. 3. Power Struggles: The ruling dynasties of the region faced consistent internal power struggles, which weakened their ability to establish a stable and unified state. This internal fragmentation diminished Middle Francia's potential to emerge as an independent country. 4. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: Middle Francia was a diverse region encompassing various languages, cultures, and ethnic groups. This diversity made it challenging to develop a unified identity and cohesive political structure. The lack of a common language and shared cultural heritage hindered the emergence of a distinct Middle Frankish identity. 5. Political Integration: The neighboring regions of West Francia and East Francia had stronger political integration due to the development of centralized monarchies under the Capetian dynasty in France and the Ottonian dynasty in Germany. In contrast, Middle Francia experienced frequent territorial disputes and struggled to establish a strong centralized administration. These factors, among others, prevented Middle Francia from solidifying into a separate and independent country like its neighboring regions. Instead, it gradually disintegrated and became absorbed into neighboring territories, eventually losing its distinct identity.

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