answer:Of course! Here is an overview of some of the major philosophical movements throughout history and their key thinkers: 1. Ancient Greek Philosophy (6th - 4th century BCE): * Key thinkers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus * Major concepts: Ethics, metaphysics, politics, epistemology * Ideas: Socrates' method of questioning and dialogue, Plato's theory of forms, Aristotle's four causes, Epicurus' hedonism 2. Hellenistic Philosophy (4th - 1st century BCE): * Key thinkers: Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics * Major concepts: Ethics, politics, religion, skepticism * Ideas: Stoicism's focus on reason and virtue, Epicureanism's emphasis on pleasure and self-sufficiency, Skepticism's rejection of dogmatic certainty 3. Medieval Philosophy (5th - 15th century CE): * Key thinkers: St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham * Major concepts: Theology, metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy * Ideas: St. Augustine's concept of original sin, Thomas Aquinas' synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology, Duns Scotus' emphasis on the role of the will in ethics, William of Ockham's nominalism 4. Renaissance Philosophy (14th - 17th century CE): * Key thinkers: Niccolò Machiavelli, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant * Major concepts: Political philosophy, empiricism, rationalism, ethics, aesthetics * Ideas: Machiavelli's realism and pragmatism, Bacon's scientific method and empiricism, Descartes' mind-body dualism and skepticism, Spinoza's monism and ethics, Kant's categorical imperative and moral philosophy 5. Enlightenment Philosophy (18th century CE): * Key thinkers: René Descartes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant * Major concepts: Reason, individual rights, social contract, utilitarianism, empiricism * Ideas: Descartes' mind-body dualism, Locke's social contract theory and natural rights, Rousseau's concept of the general will, Smith's invisible hand and capitalism, Kant's ethics and moral philosophy 6. Romanticism and Idealism (19th century CE): * Key thinkers: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer * Major concepts: Aesthetics, subjectivism, idealism, pessimism, existentialism * Ideas: Goethe's concept of the "eternal feminine," Nietzsche's will to power and death of God, Hegel's absolute spirit and dialectical materialism, Schopenhauer's pessimism and aesthetics 7. Modern Philosophy (20th century CE): * Key thinkers: Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault * Major concepts: Existentialism, phenomenology, structuralism, postmodernism, critical theory * Ideas: Nietzsche's will to power and the death of God, Heidegger's being-in-the-world and the concept of "Dasein," Sartre's existentialism and the "other," Derrida's deconstruction and the critique of logocentrism, Foucault's power relations and the critique of modernity 8. Contemporary Philosophy (late 20th century CE - present): * Key thinkers: Martha Nussbaum, Judith Butler, John Rawls, Derek Parfit, Sarah Kwakkel-Boon * Major concepts: Ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, feminist philosophy * Ideas: Nussbaum's ethics of emotion and the capabilities approach, Butler's performativity and gender theory, Rawls' theory of justice and the veil of ignorance, Parfit's personal identity theory and the concept of "Persons," Kwakkel-Boon's philosophy of disability and the ethics of care. Of course, this is not an exhaustive list, and there are many other philosophers and movements that could be included. But this gives you a general overview of some of the major philosophical movements and thinkers throughout history.

answer:Certainly! The French pharmaceutical industry is a significant and dynamic sector, known for its excellence, innovation, and global influence. By delving into its background, major players, and recent trends, we can understand its impact and potential for future growth. 1. Background: France has a long history of being a leader in the field of pharmaceuticals, dating back to the late 17th century with the opening of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Paris. Over the centuries, France has made significant contributions to the world of pharmacy, including the discovery of major drugs like insulin, cortisone, and various antibiotics. 2. Market size and global position: France is one of the world's largest pharmaceutical markets, with a turnover of around €53 billion in 2020. It ranks as the third-largest European market behind Germany and the United Kingdom and is in the top ten worldwide. The country exports more than 50% of its pharmaceutical products, with a positive trade balance of approximately €10 billion. 3. Major players: The French pharmaceutical landscape is characterized by the presence of both domestic and international corporations. Key French players include Sanofi, Ipsen, and Servier, while international giants such as Pfizer, Novartis, and AstraZeneca also have a significant presence in the country. Additionally, numerous small and medium-sized companies and biotech firms contribute to the industry's innovation and growth. 4. Research and development: France is known for its cutting-edge research and investment in innovative technologies, with approximately €5 billion spent annually on R&D. French research centers, universities, and public institutions collaborate with private companies to drive the pharmaceutical advancements. The country harbors several competitiveness clusters, which are regional ecosystems focused on specific therapeutic areas like oncology and neuroscience. 5. Current trends and future prospects: The French pharmaceutical industry has been evolving rapidly, fueled by digital transformation, an aging population, and a focus on personalized medicine, rare diseases, and biotechnology. Moreover, some key recent developments include increasing collaboration, a growing emphasis on green chemistry, and a renewed focus on improving regulatory efficiency to encourage innovation and expedite market access. In summary, France's pharmaceutical industry holds a prominent position in the global market, backed by centuries of expertise, robust R&D infrastructure, a focus on innovative technologies, and a flourishing ecosystem of companies. Emerging trends and collaborations suggest high potential for continued growth and groundbreaking discoveries in the sector.

answer:["biotransformation", "biological conversion", "biological transformation", "biochemical conversion", "biochemical transformation"]

answer:Of course! Here's a classic Thanksgiving dinner recipe: Roast Turkey: Ingredients: - 1 whole turkey (12-15 pounds) - Salt and pepper - 1 onion, quartered - 1 lemon, quartered - 4 sprigs of fresh rosemary - 4 sprigs of fresh thyme - 1/2 cup unsalted butter, melted Instructions: 1. Preheat your oven to 325°F (165°C). 2. Remove the giblets and neck from the turkey cavity and rinse the turkey inside and out. Pat it dry with paper towels. 3. Season the turkey generously with salt and pepper, both inside and out. 4. Stuff the turkey cavity with the onion, lemon, rosemary, and thyme. 5. Place the turkey on a rack in a roasting pan, breast side up. 6. Brush the melted butter all over the turkey. 7. Roast the turkey in the preheated oven for about 3 to 3 1/2 hours, or until the internal temperature reaches 165°F (75°C) in the thickest part of the thigh. 8. Remove the turkey from the oven and let it rest for at least 20 minutes before carving. Mashed Potatoes: Ingredients: - 4 pounds russet potatoes, peeled and cut into chunks - 1 cup milk - 1/2 cup unsalted butter - Salt and pepper to taste Instructions: 1. Place the potato chunks in a large pot and cover them with cold water. Add a generous pinch of salt. 2. Bring the water to a boil and cook the potatoes until they are fork-tender, about 15-20 minutes. 3. Drain the potatoes and return them to the pot. 4. Add the milk and butter to the pot and mash the potatoes until smooth and creamy. 5. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Green Bean Casserole: Ingredients: - 1 1/2 pounds green beans, trimmed and halved - 1 can (10.5 ounces) condensed cream of mushroom soup - 1/2 cup milk - 1/4 teaspoon black pepper - 1 1/3 cups French fried onions Instructions: 1. Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). 2. Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the green beans and cook until tender-crisp, about 5 minutes. Drain. 3. In a 9x13-inch baking dish, combine the cream of mushroom soup, milk, and black pepper. Stir in the green beans and half of the French fried onions. 4. Bake in the preheated oven for 25 minutes. 5. Remove the casserole from the oven and sprinkle the remaining French fried onions on top. Return to the oven and bake for an additional 5 minutes, or until the onions are golden brown. These are just a few classic Thanksgiving recipes to get you started. Feel free to add your own favorite side dishes and desserts to complete your Thanksgiving feast. Enjoy!